I was glad to read Caroline Baum's remark that uncertainty and pessimism are not the same.
No one speaks of uncertainty during good times. There was lots of uncertainty in March 2000, when the Nasdaq Composite Index breached 5,000 as investors bought shares of Internet companies with no revenue, no profits and, in at least one case, no known business. No uncertainty back then; just a case of irrational exuberance.
In good times, the word uncertainty rarely appears in policy discussions. In bad times, it’s the default setting. Why not call it by what it really is, which is pessimism? When businesses say they aren’t going to invest because of uncertainty, what they mean is, they don’t think their investments will produce a substantial profit.
Baum's commentary is very relevant to part of the research I am working on now. When I presented a preliminary version of my research at a lunch seminar at UC Berkeley last semester, I began with this toy "model" which is actually simple enough to just describe in words. Here is the set-up:
Suppose Alice and Bob are business owners and they are facing the same opportunity to invest in a project. Next year, the economy may be good or bad. If good, the project will be highly profitable, and if bad, not so profitable. Alice and Bob have different beliefs about what will happen next year.
Now, suppose Alice is 99% certain the economy will be bad next year. Bob thinks there is a 50% chance the economy will be good and 50% chance it will be bad. Who is more uncertain? Bob, of course. He has no inkling about which outcome is more likely, a situation known in probability theory as "uninformed priors." Alice is much more certain about what she believes will happen. Who is more likely to invest in the project? Bob. His expected payoff is higher because he puts more weight on the good outcome. So in this case the more uncertain businessperson invests and the more certain businessperson does not. Bob is uncertain but relatively optimistic, Alice is relatively certain but pessimistic.
I used this example to show that uncertainty is not pessimism. A popular measure of uncertainty, used in a number of interesting new economics papers, is the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index, which consists of three components:
The Alice and Bob example can demonstrate that uncertainty is also distinct from disagreement, the third component of the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index. Suppose Alice is 99% certain the economy will be bad next year and Bob is 99% certain the economy will be good. Then they are both very certain, but disagreement is very high. Conversely, suppose Bob and Alice both believe there is a 50% chance the economy will be good and 50% chance it will be bad. Then they are both very uncertain, but disagreement is low.
The Alice and Bob example takes no stance on the "true" probability that the economy will be good or bad or on why Alice and Bob believe what they believe. In my research, I am trying to address both of these issues. I am also trying to construct a theoretically-sound measure of uncertainty that is not confounded with pessimism or disagreement. I hope that this research goes well and that I can post some results in the future. I have another presentation at Berkeley on Friday, March 15 in Evans Hall. Contact me if you are in the area and would like to attend.
Suppose Alice and Bob are business owners and they are facing the same opportunity to invest in a project. Next year, the economy may be good or bad. If good, the project will be highly profitable, and if bad, not so profitable. Alice and Bob have different beliefs about what will happen next year.
Now, suppose Alice is 99% certain the economy will be bad next year. Bob thinks there is a 50% chance the economy will be good and 50% chance it will be bad. Who is more uncertain? Bob, of course. He has no inkling about which outcome is more likely, a situation known in probability theory as "uninformed priors." Alice is much more certain about what she believes will happen. Who is more likely to invest in the project? Bob. His expected payoff is higher because he puts more weight on the good outcome. So in this case the more uncertain businessperson invests and the more certain businessperson does not. Bob is uncertain but relatively optimistic, Alice is relatively certain but pessimistic.
I used this example to show that uncertainty is not pessimism. A popular measure of uncertainty, used in a number of interesting new economics papers, is the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index, which consists of three components:
One component quantifies newspaper coverage of policy-related economic uncertainty. A second component reflects the number of federal tax code provisions set to expire in future years. The third component uses disagreement among economic forecasters as a proxy for uncertainty.If Baum is correct, the first component of the index may confound uncertainty with pessimism. If everyone were like Bob, the economy would be at maximal uncertainty. If everyone were like Alice, there would be very little uncertainty, but also very little investment, and the newspapers would likely refer to the economy as being "uncertain." Baum uses March 2000 as an example, saying that there was high uncertainty when the Nasdaq breached 5000 but nobody talked about it. Indeed, the newspaper coverage component of the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index actually fell in March 2000, as did the overall index.
The Alice and Bob example can demonstrate that uncertainty is also distinct from disagreement, the third component of the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index. Suppose Alice is 99% certain the economy will be bad next year and Bob is 99% certain the economy will be good. Then they are both very certain, but disagreement is very high. Conversely, suppose Bob and Alice both believe there is a 50% chance the economy will be good and 50% chance it will be bad. Then they are both very uncertain, but disagreement is low.
The Alice and Bob example takes no stance on the "true" probability that the economy will be good or bad or on why Alice and Bob believe what they believe. In my research, I am trying to address both of these issues. I am also trying to construct a theoretically-sound measure of uncertainty that is not confounded with pessimism or disagreement. I hope that this research goes well and that I can post some results in the future. I have another presentation at Berkeley on Friday, March 15 in Evans Hall. Contact me if you are in the area and would like to attend.
